170頁にある図解が仮定法を理解しやすい。
動詞に時制とは別に「過去形」「過去完了形」を使うことで「仮定」を表す。
同様に丁寧語にも「過去形」を使う理由が分かりやすい。
p170
[参考]動詞の過去形:過去時制・仮定法・丁寧語
①過去時制:現在から1段階遠ざかる
②仮定法:現実から1段階遠ざかる
③丁寧語:相手から一段階遠ざかる(自分を下に置く) Would you / Could you~?
p169
4-1-4 仮定法のセンスを磨く
①If you climbed that tree, I would give you a million yen. ※仮定法(可能性はない)
②If you climb that tree, I will give you a million yen. ※直接法(可能性がある)
[応用]
detective: If you are guilty, we will find the evidence. ※直接法(罪をおかした)
suspect: Even if I were guilty, you wouldn't find the evidence. ※仮定法(有罪は妄想、犯行を認めていない)
[発展]直接法と仮定法の混在文
If I had known that he is small-minded, I would never have gone out with him.
※全体は仮定法過去完了(小心者と知っていたら付き合わなかった)
※直接法(小心者は現在も続く事実、動詞は現在形 is)
[参考]動詞の過去形:過去時制・仮定法・丁寧語
①過去時制:現在から1段階遠ざかる
②仮定法:現実から1段階遠ざかる
③丁寧語:相手から一段階遠ざかる(自分を下に置く) Would you / Could you~?
p170
[図表]
[パラダイムシフト]過去の現実に現在形を使う(劇的現在法、実況中継ふう)
The car's battery died, and then steam and an awful burning smell comes out from under the hood.
This is when we know we're in trouble.
[追加英文]英文和訳
(1) If the gym were closer to my house, I would go there more often.
(2) If we had taken one more step into the street, we could have been hit by that car.
(3) The party would have been more fun if more people had come.
p172
4-1-5 仮定法の「公式」(応用公式)ミックス仮定法(仮定法過去完了+仮定法過去)
If I had bought tha stock five years ago, I would be a millionaire now.
※if節は仮定法過去完了、主節は仮定法過去
[資料]逆パターン、主節が仮定法過去完了、if節が仮定法過去(あまり例がない)
If Ferraris wre cheaper, I would have bought one already.
※if節は仮定法過去、主節は仮定法過去完了
4-1-6 「未来」の仮定法の公式 (should / were to ~ を使った仮定法)
[公式]
① If s should 原形、S would 原形/命令文/直接法など
② If s were to 原形、S would 原形 「(あくまで仮定の話で)~なら、…だろうに)」
[カクシン]未来のことは仮定と断定できないので2種類の公式の使い分けが必要
①should:「(万が一あり得るが)ありえない」…「万一のshould」、神の意思shallの過去形(p214参照)
仮定法は「主節に助動詞の加工系が必要」という公式が崩れる
②were to ~:「あり得ない」(完全な妄想)
①should:「(万が一あり得るが)ありえない」…「万一のshould」、神の意思shallの過去形(p214参照)
If s should 原形、S would 原形/命令文/直接法など
If you should have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me.
If you should fail the exam, you can retake it next week.
[+α]配慮した会話に使われるshould(可能性が低いことを強調)
②were to ~:「完全な仮定(妄想)」
If s were to 原形、S would 原形 「(あくまで仮の話で)~なら、…だろうに」
※would以外にcould/might/shouldでも可
※もともとの形はbe to 構文(p511参照)
If Japan were to win the World Cup, fans would go crazy.
If we were to hire you, when could you start?
p176
[まとめ]仮定法の公式一覧
(1)仮定法過去 ※「現在・未来」の妄想/「過去形」を使う
If S 過去形、S would 原形 「もし(今)~ならば…だろうに」
※主節の助動詞の過去形はwould以外にcould/might/sholdでも可(以下の公式に同じ)
IF I played the drums, I could join his band.
(2)仮定法過去完了 ※「過去」の妄想/「過去完了形」を使う
If s had p.p., S would have p.p. 「もし(あのとき)~だったら…だったろうに」
If you had brought an umbrella, you wouldn't have gotten soaked in the rain.
※soak「ぬらす」
(3)ミックス仮定法 ※仮定法過去完了+仮定法過去
If s had p.p.、S would 原形 「もし(あのとき)~だったら、(今は)…だろうに」
If you had taken my adviec then, you wouldn't be in so much trouble now.
(4)未来の仮定法①
①should:「(万が一あり得るが)ありえない」…「万一のshould」、神の意思shallの過去形(p214参照)
If s should 原形、S would 原形/命令文/直接法など
IF you should have any questions at all, hus dial 0 from the relephone in your room to reach the front desk.
②were to ~:「完全な仮定(妄想)」
If s were to 原形、S would 原形 「(あくまで仮の話で)~なら、…だろうに」
※would以外にcould/might/shouldでも可
If Watson Natural Foods Co. were to acqure Snacco Ltd., it would become the largest snack food producer in NOrth America.